Antimicrobial properties of heterocyclic compounds against clinical mastitis isolates

ABSTRACT: Mastitis causes significant economic losses to the dairy cattle industry. The present study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial properties of 39 heterocyclic derivatives (1,3-thiazoles and 4-thiazolidinones) against clinical mastitis isolates from dairy cows. Milk samples were collected from cows with clinical mastitis and the bacterial species were identified by PCR. Antibacterial activity was assessed using the broth microdilution method. First, 39 heterocyclic compounds were tested against four bacterial isolates (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Corynebacterium bovis and Escherichia coli) randomly chosen from those recovered from the milk samples (Study 1). Subsequently, the compounds with the strongest antibacterial activity were tested against all the bacterial isolates recovered from the milk samples (Study 2). 1,3-thiazoles showed the strongest antibacterial activity, specially compounds 30 and 38, which also showed bactericidal properties according to their minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) values. Corynebacterium spp. and Enterobacteriaceae isolates were the most susceptible to compounds 30 and 38. Compounds 30 and 38 are promising targets for new antimicrobial agents.

RESUMO: A mastite causa significativas perdas econômicas à indústria leiteira bovina. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as propriedades antibacterianas de 39 derivados heterocíclicos (1,3-tiazóis e 4-tiazolidinonas) contra isolados clínicos de mastite em vacas leiteiras. Amostras de leite foram coletadas de vacas com mastite clínica e as espécies bacterianas isoladas foram identificadas por PCR. A atividade antibacteriana foi avaliada pelo método de microdiluição em caldo. Primeiramente, os 39 compostos heterocíclicos foram testados contra quatro isolados bacterianos (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Corynebacterium bovis e Escherichia coli) escolhidos aleatoriamente dentre os recuperados das amostras de leite (Estudo 1). Posteriormente, compostos com atividade antibacteriana mais forte foram testados contra todos os isolados bacterianos recuperados das amostras de leite (Estudo 2). Os compostos 1,3-tiazóis apresentaram a maior atividade antibacteriana, principalmente os compostos 30 e 38, que também apresentaram propriedades bactericidas de acordo com seus valores de concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e concentração bactericida mínima (CBM). Os isolados Corynebacterium spp. e Enterobacteriaceae foram os mais suscetíveis aos compostos 30 e 38. Os compostos 30 e 38 mostraram-se promissores como novos agentes antimicrobianos.

Antimicrobial properties of heterocyclic compounds against clinical mastitis isolates / Propriedades antimicrobianas de compostos heterocíclicos contra isolados de mastite clínica

Mastitis causes significant economic losses to the dairy cattle industry. The present study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial properties of 39 heterocyclic derivatives (1,3-thiazoles and 4-thiazolidinones) against clinical mastitis isolates from dairy cows. Milk samples were collected from cows with clinical mastitis and the bacterial species were identified by PCR. Antibacterial activity was assessed using the broth microdilution method. First, 39 heterocyclic compounds were tested against four bacterial isolates (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Corynebacterium bovis and Escherichia coli) randomly chosen from those recovered from the milk samples (Study 1). Subsequently, the compounds with the strongest antibacterial activity were tested against all the bacterial isolates recovered from the milk samples (Study 2). 1,3-thiazoles showed the strongest antibacterial activity, specially compounds 30 and 38, which also showed bactericidal properties according to their minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) values. Corynebacterium spp. and Enterobacteriaceae isolates were the most susceptible to compounds 30 and 38. Compounds 30 and 38 are promising targets for new antimicrobial agents.(AU)

A mastite causa significativas perdas econômicas à indústria leiteira bovina. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as propriedades antibacterianas de 39 derivados heterocíclicos (1,3-tiazóis e 4-tiazolidinonas) contra isolados clínicos de mastite em vacas leiteiras. Amostras de leite foram coletadas de vacas com mastite clínica e as espécies bacterianas isoladas foram identificadas por PCR. A atividade antibacteriana foi avaliada pelo método de microdiluição em caldo. Primeiramente, os 39 compostos heterocíclicos foram testados contra quatro isolados bacterianos (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Corynebacterium bovis e Escherichia coli) escolhidos aleatoriamente dentre os recuperados das amostras de leite (Estudo 1). Posteriormente, compostos com atividade antibacteriana mais forte foram testados contra todos os isolados bacterianos recuperados das amostras de leite (Estudo 2). Os compostos 1,3-tiazóis apresentaram a maior atividade antibacteriana, principalmente os compostos 30 e 38, que também apresentaram propriedades bactericidas de acordo com seus valores de concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e concentração bactericida mínima (CBM). Os isolados Corynebacterium spp. e Enterobacteriaceae foram os mais suscetíveis aos compostos 30 e 38. Os compostos 30 e 38 mostraram-se promissores como novos agentes antimicrobianos.(AU)

Dosificación empírica de vancomicina en neonatos: relación entre recomendación de dosis iniciales y relación área bajo la curva en 24 h/concentración inhibitoria mínima / Empiric vancomycin dosing in neonates: relationship between initial dose and 24 h area under the curve/minimum inhibitory concentration ratio

Resumen Introducción: Vancomicina es un antimicrobiano ampliamente utilizado para infecciones por Staphylococcus coagulasa negativa en neonatos; sin embargo, no existe claridad sobre la dosis empírica que asegure su eficacia terapéutica. Objetivo: Evaluar la relación entre las dosis iniciales de vancomicina utilizadas en una Unidad de Cuidado Intensivo Neonatal (UCIN) con la eventualidad de alcanzar el objetivo terapéutico de área bajo la curva sobre concentración inhibitoria mínima (ABC/CIM) mayor a 400 µg/h/mL. Materiales y Método: Estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo, realizado entre febrero 2016 y marzo 2018. Se incluyeron neonatos en tratamiento con vancomicina por sospecha/confirmación de infección por cocáceas grampositivas y medición de concentraciones plasmáticas de vancomicina al inicio del tratamiento. La probabilidad de alcanzar el objetivo terapéutico se evaluó mediante re-muestreo de valores de ABC y CIM. Resultados: Se incluyeron 38 pacientes con 49 concentraciones plasmáticas de vancomicina. Los aislados microbiológicos se confirmaron en 94,7% de los pacientes (n = 36). Los valores de ABC/CIM en dos grupos (según niveles valle de vancomicina < 10 µg/mL y ≥ 10 µg/mL), fueron de una mediana de 327 (IQ 25-75 = 174-395) y 494 (IQ 25-75 = 318-631), respectivamente (p = 0,035). Las dosis empíricas utilizadas logran logran un objetivo terapéutico (ABC/CIM > 400) de sólo 47,7% considerando CIMs en nuestra institución. Conclusiones: Teniendo en cuenta las sensibilidades institucionales, no es posible asegurar alcanzar ABC/CIM > 400 µg/h/mL. Se debe seguir investigando para replantear las actuales estrategias de dosificación y así determinar la más apropiada para neonatos.

Abstract Background: Vancomycin is used for treating coagulase-negative staphylococcus infections in neonates. However, concerns about the appropriate empirical dosing required for optimal efficacy, still remain. Aim: To assess the relationship between the initial doses of vancomycin used in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) with the possibility of achieving therapeutic target of AUC024h/MIC > 400 µg/h/mL. Methods: Retrospective and descriptive study carried out between February 2016 and March 2018. All neonates treated with vancomycin for suspected/proven Gram-positive infection and with at least one trough serum concentration level were included. Probability of target attainment (PTA) was evaluated through resampling of AUC and MIC values. Results: Final dataset included 38 patients and 49 trough vancomycin levels; 94.7% of these cases (n = 36) were confirmed Gram-positive infections. The median AUC/MIC values for the trough values vancomycin < 10 µg/mL group and for the ≥ 10 µg/mL group were 327 (IQR 174-395) and 494 (IQR 318-631) respectively (p = 0.035). Current empirical dosing strategy has a 47.7% PTA (AUC/MIC > 400) when taking institutional MICs into account. Conclusions: It is not possible to assure achieving a AUC/MIC > 400 µg/h/mL when considering institutional sensibilities. Current empiric dosing strategies should be reconsidered and further investigation needs to be done to help determine the appropriate empirical dosing required for optimal efficacy in neonates.

Antimicrobial susceptibility profile of historical and recent Brazilian pig isolates of Pasteurella multocida / Perfil de suscetibilidade a antimicrobianos de isolados históricos e contemporâneos de Pasteurella multocida de suínos no Brasil

Pasteurella (P.) multocida is the causative agent of pneumonic pasteurellosis in swine, which is commonly associated with the final stages of enzootic pneumonia or porcine respiratory disease complex. Although this syndrome is one of the most common and important diseases of pigs, data on antimicrobial susceptibility of P. multocida isolates are uncommon in Brazil. Therefore, the present study was carried out to determine and to compare antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Brazilian P. multocida isolated from pigs with lesions of pneumonia or pleuritis during two-time periods. Historical isolates (period of 1981 to 1997; n=44) and recent isolates (period of 2011 to 2012; n=50) were used to determine the MIC of amoxicillin, enrofloxacin, florfenicol and tetracycline by microbroth dilution. Florfenicol had the lowest level of resistance for both historical and recent isolates (0% and 6%, respectively), while tetracycline had the highest (20.5% and 34%, respectively). Multi-drug resistance (MDR) to amoxicillin/florfenicol/tetracycline was observed in 6% of recent isolates. There was a significant increase (p˂0.05) in resistance for amoxicillin and enrofloxacin in recent isolates compared with historic isolates (3.8% and 18%, respectively), most likely due to the selective pressure of antimicrobial usage to treat and prevent P. multocida infections. The results of this study showed an increase of isolates resistant to important drugs used in treatment of P. multocida infections in pigs, demonstrating the need for the implementation of rational use of antimicrobials in Brazilian swine industry.(AU)

Pasteurella (P.) multocida é o agente da pasteurelose pneumônica em suínos, a qual é comumente associada com o estágio final da pneumonia enzoótica suína ou complexo das doenças respiratórias dos suínos. Apesar de ser uma das doenças mais comuns e importantes na suinocultura, dados sobre suscetibilidade antimicrobiana de isolados de P. multocida são raros no Brasil. Dessa forma, o presente estudo foi realizado para determinar e comparar o perfil de suscetibilidade de isolados de P. multocida de suínos com lesões de pneumonia ou pleurite no Brasil durante dois períodos. Isolados históricos (período de 1981 a 1997; n=44) e contemporâneos (período de 2011 a 2012; n=50) foram usados para determinar a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) de amoxicilina, enrofloxacina, florfenicol e tetraciclina através do teste de microdiluição em caldo. Florfenicol apresentou o menor nível de resistência para ambos os isolados históricos e contemporâneos (0% e 6%, respectivamente), enquanto que tetraciclina apresentou o maior nível de resistência (20.5% e 34%, respectivamente). Resistência a múltiplos antimicrobianos (amoxicilina, florfenicol e tetraciclina) foi observada em 6% dos isolados recentes. Foi observado aumento significativo (p˂0.05) na resistência a amoxicilina e enrofloxacina em isolados recentes comparado com isolados históricos (3.8% e 18%, respectivamente), provavelmente devido à pressão de seleção de antimicrobianos usados no tratamento e prevenção de infecções causadas por P. multocida. Os resultados deste trabalho demostraram o aumento de isolados resistentes a importantes drogas utilizadas no tratamento de infecções causadas por P. multocida em suínos, evidenciando a necessidade da implementação do uso racional de antimicrobianos na suinocultura brasileira.(AU)

Knowledge on Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and attitudes toward people living with HIV (PLHIV) among medical students of Cebu Institute of Medicine (CIM)

Background@#In 2018, HIV/AIDS & ART Registry of the Philippines (HARP) reported an increase in the number of new HIV positive, notably the age group with the biggest proportion of new cases has become younger. In the Philippines, people who are HIV positive experienced stigma and discrimination even from health care professionals. @*Objective@#This study was conducted to determine the knowledge on Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and the attitudes on people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (PLHIV) of medical students of Cebu Institute of Medicine, Cebu City.@*Methods@#There were a total of 400 respondents. A validated questionnaire was adapted from a previous study by Madamba. Results were analyzed using Minitab 16. Hypotheses were tested at a 0.05 level of significance. @*Results@#The mean age of the respondents was 22 years old. Almost all of the medical students have heard about HIV/ AIDS, however more than half do not know of someone nor cared for a person who is HIV positive. More than 80 percent does not have any training on HIV/AIDS and still majority have not advised anyone to undergo HIV testing and counseling. The medical students have a high level of knowledge on HIV/AIDS as well as a positive attitude towards PLHIV, however majority felt the need for further training in handling and managing PLHIV. @*Conclusion@#Having a positive attitude towards people living with HIV can be attributed to the high level of knowledge on HIV/AIDS among the medical students of CIM but further training is needed for these future health care professionals in order to confidently manage and give counselling to PLHIV.

Performance of rapid tests for carbapenemase detection among Brazilian Enterobacteriaceae isolates

ABSTRACT The global emergence of carbapenemases led to the need of developing new methods for their rapid detection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the rapid tests for carbapenemase-producing and non-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Carbapenem non-susceptible Enterobacteriaceae from a surveillance study submitted to a multiplex real time PCR for carbapenemase detection were included in this study. The isolates were subjected to the rapid phenotypic tests Carba NP, Blue-Carba and Carbapenem Inactivation Method (CIM). A total of 83 carbapenemase-producing (43) and non-producing (40) isolates were included in the study. The sensitivity/specificity were 62.7%/97.5%, 95.3%/100%, and 74.4%/97.5% for Carba NP, Blue-Carba and CIM, respectively. Both Carba NP and Blue-Carba presented their final results after 75 min of incubation; the final results for CIM were obtained only after 8 h. Failure to detect OXA-370 carbapenemase was the main problem for Carba NP and CIM assays. As the Blue-Carba presented the highest sensitivity, it can be considered the best screening test. Conversely, CIM might be the easiest to perform, as it does not require special reagents. The early detection of carbapenemases aids to establish infection control measures and prevent carbapenemases to spread reducing the risk of healthcare associated infections and therapeutic failure.

¿Se debe revisar la determinación de la CIM de colistín en Acinetobacter baumannii? / The colistin MIC determination in Acinetobacter baumannii, Should it be reviewed?

Currently, there is a controversy in how to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of colistin against Acinetobacter baumannii. We compared three methods, concluding that the addition of Tween-80 (0.002%) to Müller-Hinton broth in the microdilution method could improve MIC determination and it could reduce false resistance.

Actividad antibacteriana del extracto total de hojas de Cucurbita moschata Duchesne (Ahuyama) / Antibacterial activity of total extract from leaves of Cucurbita moschata Duchesne (ahuyama)

Introduction: Cucurbita moschata Duchesne (ahuyama) is grown across America as well as in the Middle East and Europe. It has been used as alternative medicine since ancient times. In the northern section of the department of Bolívar, Colombia, the plant is used by peasants to treat skin infections, hence our interest in conducting this study. Objective: Evaluate the antibacterial activity of total extract from leaves ofC. moschata against Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. Methods: Fresh leaves of C. moschata were classified taxonomically using standard methods. The leaves were dried in an oven and pulverized in a blade mill. Extraction was performed by cold solid-liquid percolation and concentration in a rotary evaporator. Antibacterial activity of the ethanolic and hexanic extracts was evaluated in vitro against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method, in compliance with guidelines from the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Results: The hexanic extract caused significant inhibition from dilution 0.16 µg/mL for S. aureus strain ATCC 43300, and from dilution 19.5 µg/mL for strain ATCC 25923 (MSSA). The ethanolic and hexanic extracts significantly inhibited the growth of the clinical E. coli strain, whereas no significant inhibition was observed for K. pneumoniae at any of the concentrations tested. Conclusions: For the first time it was shown that the total hexanic extract of leaves of C. moschata had the greatest inhibition power against clinical strains of S. aureus and E. coli. The antimicrobial potential of this native species from the Colombian Caribbean has been recognized, and it is recommended to conduct assays with a larger number of human pathogens(AU)

Introducción: Cucurbita moschata Duchesne (Ahuyama) es cultivada en toda América, así como en Medio Oriente y Europa. Es utilizada desde la antigüedad como medicina alternativa. En la zona norte del departamento de Bolívar-Colombia es empleada por los campesinos para tratar infecciones en la piel, lo que generó el interés por desarrollar esta investigación. Objetivo: evaluar la actividad antibacteriana del extracto total de hojas de C. moschata frente a Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae y Escherichia coli. Métodos: hojas frescas de C. moschata fueron clasificadas taxonómicamente de acuerdo a métodos estándares. La obtención de los extractos se realizó por secado en horno, pulverización en molino de cuchilla, extracción por percolación sólido-líquido en frío y concentración en evaporador rotatorio. La actividad antibacteriana de los extractos etanólicos y hexánicos se evaluó in vitro frente a Staphylococcus aureus meticilino resistente, Escherichia coli y Klebsiella pneumoniae, mediante el método de Concentración Inhibitoria Mínima (CIM), siguiendo los lineamientos establecidos por Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Resultados: el extracto hexánico generó inhibición significativa desde la dilución 0,16 µg/mL para la cepa de S. aureus ATCC 43300. Para la cepa ATCC 25923 (MSSA) el extracto hexánico generó inhibición significativa desde la dilución 19,5 µg/mL. Los extractos etanólico y hexánico inhibieron significativamente el crecimiento de la cepa clínica de E. coli., mientras que para K. pneumoniae no hubo inhibición significativa en ninguna de las concentraciones evaluadas. Conclusiones: se demostró por primera vez que el extracto hexánico total de hojas de C. moschata tuvo el mayor poder de inhibición frente a las cepas clínicas de S. aureus y E. coli. Se reconoce el potencial antimicrobiano de esta especie autóctona de la costa del Caribe colombiano y se recomienda realizar ensayos en un número mayor de patógenos humanos(AU)

Avaliação da atividade antibacteriana e moduladora dos extratos metanólico e hexânico da folha de Allium cepa / Evaluation of the Antibacterial and Modulating Activity of Methanolic and Hexanic Extracts of the Allium Cepa / Evaluación de la actividad antibacteriana y moduladora de los extractos metanol y hexano de la hoja de Allium cepa

Introdução: A resistência bacteriana tem crescido significativamente nos últimos tempos, tornando-se imprescindível a busca por novos alvos terapêuticos. Nesse contexto, compostos bioativos presentes em algumas plantas medicinais podem apresentar várias atividades biológicas, como ação antimicrobiana. Allium cepa conhecida popularmente como cebola é utilizada de maneira etnofarmacológica há muito tempo para o tratamento de diversas enfermidades: tuberculose, diabetes, hipertensão, reumatismo e assim por diante. Objetivo: O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana e modulatória dos extratos metanólico e hexânicoda das folhas A. cepa frente às cepas de bactérias padrões e multirresistentes. Materiais e métodos: Pelos métodos e microdiluição e modulação com antibióticos. Resultados: Os resultados deste estudo demonstraram uma variação no CMI (Concentração Inibitória Mínima) de 128 a ≥ 1024 μg/mL dos extratos metanólico de A. cepa (EMAC) e hexânico de A. cepa (EHAC). Na modulação com os aminoglicosídeos (amicacina e gentamicina) observaram-se efeitos sinérgicos e antagônicos dos extratos EHAC e EMAC frente às cepas Escherichia coli e Staphylococcus aureus de linhagem multirresistente. Novas pesquisas são necessárias para uma possível utilização das plantas medicinais combinadas com os antimicrobianos frente às linhagens patogênicas. Conclusão: Através desses resultados sugere-se que os produtos naturais representam fontes promissoras no combate à resistência bacteriana.

Introduction: Bacterial resistance has grown significantly in recent years, making the search for new antibiotics imperative. Bioactive compounds in some medicinal plants may exhibit various biological activities as antimicrobial activity. Allium cepa, popularly known as onion, is ethnopharmacologically used for treating various diseases, such as tuberculosis, diabetes, hypertension and rheumatism; it is also considered a powerful bactericide. Objective: The main objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial and modulating activity of methanol and hexane extracts of A. cepa against the strains of multiresistant bacteria. Materials and methods: Microdilution and modulation of antibiotics. Results: The results showed a variation in the MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) from 128 to ≥ 1024μg / mL between A. cepa methanol (EMAC) and A. cepa hexane (EHAC) extracts. Modulation with aminoglycosides (gentamicin and amikacin) have proved to have antagonistic effects of the extracts sinérgicose EHAC and EMAC against strains of multiresistant Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Further research is needed related to the use of medicinal plants combined with antimicrobials against pathogenic strains. Conclusion: Through these results it can be inferred that natural products could constitute a promising source for combating bacterial resistance.

Introducción: la resistencia bacteriana ha crecido significativamente en los últimos años, por lo que es necesaria la búsqueda de nuevas dianas terapéuticas. En este contexto, los compuestos bioactivos presentes en algunas plantas medicinales pueden tener diversas actividades biológicas, tales como la acción antimicrobiana. Allium cepa, conocida como la cebolla, es utilizada, popularmente de forma etnofarmacológica para el tratamiento de diversas enfermedades tales como la tuberculosis, la diabetes, la hipertensión, el reumatismo y así sucesivamente. Objetivo: el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la actividad antimicrobiana y moduladora de extractos de metanol y hexano de Allium cepa frente a las cepas de bacterias y normas multirresistentes. Materiales y métodos: por los métodos microdilución y modulación con antibióticos. Resultados: los resultados mostraron una variación de MIC(concentración mínima inhibitoria) de 128 a ≥ 1024μg / mL dos extractos metanólicos A. cepa (EMAC) y hexano de A. cepa (EHAC). En la modulación con aminoglucósidos (amikacina y gentamicina), se observaron efectos sinérgicos y antagónicos de EHAC y EMAC, frente a las cepas de Escherichia coli y Staphylococcus aureus multirresistente. Se necesitan nuevas investigaciones para un posible uso de plantas medicinales combinadas con la cara antimicrobiana de las cepas patógenas. Conclusión: a partir de estos resultados, se sugiere que los productos naturales son fuentes prometedoras en la lucha contra la resistencia bacteriana.

Evaluación farmacocinética/farmacodinámica (PK/PD) de un esquema de administración oral de metronidazol en intervalo ampliado para el manejo de infecciones producidas por Bacteroides fragilis / Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodinamic (PK/PD) evaluation of a short course of oral administration of metronidazole for the management of infections caused by Bacteroides fragilis

Introduction: Metronidazole is the antibiotic of choice for the management of infections caused by anaerobes. Its administration requires multiple daily doses causing increased medication errors. Due to its high post-antibiotic effect and rapid concentration-dependent bactericidal activity, administration of this antibiotic in an extended dosing interval would achieve PK/PD parameters effectively. Objective: To assess the probability of achieving effective PK/PD relationship with the administration of 1,000 mg every 24 hours of metronidazole for Bacteroides fragilis infections. Methods: A clinical trial was conducted in a group of volunteers who received a single oral dose of 500 or 1,000 mg of metronidazole. Determinations of values of Cmax, t max, and AUCC0-24 h. determined using the trapezoidal method, were obtained for a Markov simulation that would allow for determining the likelihood of achieving a AUC0-24 h/MIC ratio above 70 for infections caused by susceptible B. fragilis. Results: Cmax (24,03 ± 6,89 mg/L) and t max (1,20 ± 0.80 hrs) and the value of AUC0-24 h (241.91 ± 48.14 mg * h/L) were determined. The probability of obtaining a AUC0-24 h/MIC ratio greater than 70 was greater than 99%. Conclusion: From a pharmacokinetic perspective, with the administration of a daily dose of 1,000 mg of metronidazole, it is possible to achieve a therapeutic goal of AUC0-24 h/MIC ratio above 70 for the treatment of anaerobic infections.

Introducción: Metronidazol es el antimicrobiano de elección para el manejo de infecciones anaeróbicas. Su administración requiere de dosis múltiples provocando aumento en errores medicamentosos. Debido al efecto post-antibiótico y a la actividad bactericida concentración-dependiente, la administración de metronidazol en intervalos ampliados de administración permitiría alcanzar parámetros PK/PD efectivos. Objetivo: Evaluar la probabilidad de alcanzar una relación PK/PD efectiva con la administración de 1.000 mg cada 24 h de metronidazol para infecciones por Bacteroides fragilis. Método: Se realizó un ensayo clínico sobre un grupo de voluntarios a quienes se les administró una monodosis oral de 500 y 1.000 mg de metronidazol, respectivamente. Se establecieron parámetros farmacocinéticos empleando el método trapezoidal. Se realizó una simulación de Markov que permitiera establecer la probabilidad de alcanzar una relación AUC0-24 h/CIM > 70 en infecciones por B. fragilis. Resultados: Se determinaron los valores de Cmax (24,03 ± 6,89 mg/L), t max (1,20± 0,8h) y AUC0-24 h (241,91 ± 48,14 mg*h/L), con lo cual la probabilidad de alcanzar una relación AUC0-24 h/CIM > 70 con 1.000 mg de metronidazol fue superior a 99%. Conclusión: Con la administración de 1.000 mg cada 24 h sería posible alcanzar una relación PK/PD efectiva para el tratamiento de infecciones anaeróbicas.

Avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana da planta Tradescantia pallida Munt (Taboquinha Roxa) / Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of the Tradescantia pallida Munt plant (Taboquinha Roxa)

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi pesquisar o efeito antimicrobiano in vitro do extrato hidroalcóolico das folhas Tradescantia pallida Munt conhecida como Taboquinha roxa. Foram realizados testes em meio sólido, onde não observou qualquer halo de inibição, e o método de microdiluição, em que os resultados foram expressivos, com determinação da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e Concentração Bactericida Mínima (CBM), com resultados em diferentes concentrações. Foram utilizadas cepas padrão de bactérias Gram positivas e Gram negativas. De acordo com os resultados, sugere-se que essa planta apresenta um potencial antimicrobiano.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro antimicrobial effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of the Tradescantia pallida Munt leaves,known as Taboquinha roxa. The tests were both conducted on solid mean, where it was not observed any zone of inhibition, and by the micro dilution method, in which the results of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were significant and related with the different concentrations. Standard strains of bacteria type Gram positive and Gram negative were employed. According to the results, this plant has an antimicrobial potential.

Relationship between HbA1 c and CIMT,carotid arterial stiffness of diabetic peripheral neuropathy patients / 中国糖尿病杂志

Objective To explore the relationship between HbA1 c and carotid artery intima‐media thickness (CIMT) ,carotid arterial stiffness in diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy. Methods A total of 220 subjects were enrolled in this study and divided into three groups:T2DM group (n=60) ,DPN group (n=100) ,and healthy individuals as NC group (n=60). Serum HbA1c ,CIMT and carotid arterial stiffness were measured. Results HbA1c [(8.62 ± 2.71)% ] ,CIMT [(1.01 ± 0.11)mm] and carotid arterial stiffness [(827.6 ± 123.7)]was significantly higher in DPN group than in NC group [(4.20 ± 0.47)% ,(0.70 ± 0.07) mm ,(521.2 ± 89.3)] and T2DM group [(7.95 ± 1.98) % ,(0.81 ± 0.09) mm , (629.3 ± 113.5)] respectively (P< 0.05).The duration was significantly longer in DPN group than in T2DM group(P<0.05). CIMT [(1.11 ± 0.09)mm] and arotid arterial stiffness [(901.5 ± 241.5)] was higher in patients with HbA1 c≥10.0% than in patients with HbA1 c between 8.0% ~10.0% [(0.94 ± 0.07)mm ,(724.5 ± 159.9)] and patients with HbA1c between 7.0% ~ 8.0% [(0.73 ± 0.06)mm , (574.1 ± 145.3 )] respectively ( P< 0.05 ).Association analysis showed that HbA1 c had a positive correlation with CIMT and carotid arterial stiffness (r= 0.107 ,0.213 ,P< 0.05). Conclusion CIMT and carotid stiffness are positively correlated with HbA1 c in DPN patients.HbA1 c is a risk factor for CIM T and carotid stiffness.

Antibacterial activity tannin-rich fraction from leaves of Anacardium humile / Atividade antibacteriana de frações tânicas de folhas de Anacardium humile

In vitro tests conducted with extracts rich in tannins have identified several biological activities of this class of substance. Thus, this paper intends to evaluate the antibacterial activity of tannin-rich fraction obtained from leaf extracts of Anacardium humile A.St.-Hil. Extracts of A. humile leaves in 70% acetone were semi-purified with ethyl acetate and butanol. We quantified the total tannins of the semi-purified fractions, of the crude extract and of aqueous residues and then performed tests of the antibacterial activity of the tannins against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212. All positive extracts underwent tannin isolation using a Sephadex LH-20 column. The tannins isolated from the samples were quantified and tested for the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC). The tannins from crude extracts, semi-purifications and residues showed inhibition of S. aureus growth with MIC=500 g mL-1. All tannin fractions showed MIC against all strains and MBC, except against E. faecalis. The tannin fractions from Anacardium humile have antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomononas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis and, therefore, may be promising for future synthesis of new antibacterial agents.

Testes in vitro realizados com extratos ricos em taninos têm identificado muitas atividades biológicas dessa classe de substâncias. Nesse contexto, esse artigo propõe a avaliação da atividade antibacteriana de frações tânicas, obtidas de extratos de folhas de Anacardium humile A.St.-Hil. Extratos de A. humile em acetona 70% foram particionados com acetato de etila e butanol. Foram quantificados taninos totais das frações particionadas, do extrato bruto e dos resíduos aquosos, e foi realizado teste de atividade antibacteriana dos taninos contra Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 e Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212. Todos os extratos positivos foram submetidos ao isolamento de taninos, utilizando-se coluna de Sephadex LH-20. Os taninos isolados das amostras foram quantificados e testados sua concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e concentração bactericida mínima (CBM). Os taninos do extrato bruto, partições e resíduos apresentaram inibição do crescimento de S.aureus com CIM =500 g mL-1. As frações tânicas apresentaram CIM contra todas as cepas e CBM, exceto contra E. faecalis. As frações tânicas de Anacardium humile possuem atividade antibacteriana contra Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomononas aeruginosa e Enterococcus faecalis e, portanto, podem ser promissoras em sínteses futuras de novos agentes antimicrobianos.

Genotipificación y resistencia antibacteriana de cepas de Campylobacter spp aisladas en niños y en aves de corral / Genotyping and antibacterial resistance of Campylobacter spp strains isolated in children and in free range poultry

Poultry is a main reservoir and source of human infection in campylobacteriosis. Three hundred and forty one stool samples (291 human, 50 avian) were analyzed. In the human group, 220 samples were collected from children with acute diarrheal disease (183 inpatients, 37 outpatients) and 71 from healthy children. Erythromycin and ciprofloxacin agar dilution MIC tests, Penner serotyping and RAPD-PCR genotyping were performed on 23 strains isolated. C. jejuni was reported only in patients with acute diarrhea (5.4 percent inpatients, 2.2 percent outpatients). Campylobacter prevalence in poultry was 34 percent. Cross-resistance to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin was found in 33.3 percent of human samples and 11.8 percent of animal samples. Human samples could not be typed using the Penner method. F serotype was the most expressed in poultry. We obtained a total of 14 genotypes (4 / 5 human and 10/15 avian). In conclusion, the predominant species in poultry and humans was C. jejuni, a significant amount of quinolone-resistant human and avian samples were obtained, and avian genotypes and serotypes were not found in human samples. The latter would mean that another source of infection could exist; therefore other reservoirs must be studied.

Las aves de consumo constituyen uno de los principales reservorios y fuente de infección humana de la campilo-bacteriosis. Se analizaron 341 muestras de deposiciones, 291 humanas y 50 aviares. De las muestras, 220 de niños con síndrome diarreico agudo-SDA (183 hospitalizados y 37 consultantes ambulatorios) y 71 niños sanos. A las 23 cepas obtenidas se les realizó CIM por dilución en agar a eritromicina y ciprofloxacina, serotipificación de Penner y genotipiicación por RAPD-PCR. Se encontró Campylobacterjejuni sólo en pacientes con SDA, de ellos 5,4 por ciento ambulatorios y 2,2 por ciento hospitalizados. En aves, la prevalencia de Campylobacter spp., fue de 34 por ciento. Hubo resistencia cruzada a ácido nalidixico y ciprofloxacina en 33,3 por ciento cepas de origen humano y 11,8 por ciento animal. Las cepas humanas fueron no tipiicables por el método de Penner. Predominó entre las aves el serotipo F. Se obtuvo un total de 14 genotipos (4/5 humanos y 10/15 aviares). En conclusión, la especie predominante en aves de corral y en humanos fue C. jejuni, existiendo una alta prevalencia de cepas de origen humano y aviar resistentes a quinolonas. Los genotipos y serotipos aviares no fueron encontrados en cepas de origen humano, lo que indica que podría existir otra fuente de infección, por lo que se requiere estudiar otros reservorios.

Suscetibilidade a antimicrobianos e produção de betalactamase em amostras de Staphylococcus isolados de mastite caprina no semiárido paraibano / Susceptibility to antimicrobial drugs and production of beta-lactamase by Staphylococcus strains isolated from mastitis in goats in the semi-arid region of Paraiba state, Brazil

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a susceptibilidade antimicrobiana in vitro e a produção de betalactamase de 42 amostras de Staphylococcus isolados de mastite subclínica caprina. Foram utilizados 14 Staphylococcus chromogenes, 10 S. waneri, 6 S. saprophyticus, 5 S. aureus, 3 S. epidermidis, 2 S. intermedius e 2 Staphylococcus coagulase negativo. Os maiores índices de resistência foram para penicilina 66,67% e ampicilina 63,89% e sensibilidade frente a cefoxitina 97,62%. A múltipla resistência a 3 ou mais antimicrobianos foi observada em 42,86% dos isolados. Das 42 amostras de Staphylococcus avaliadas, 73,81% foram positivas para o teste de produção de betalactamase. A concentração inibitória mínima apresentou 100% das amostras susceptíveis à norfloxacina e os valores de resistência para os demais antimicrobianos não ultrapassaram os 30%. A alta resistência apresentada para penicilina e ampicilina demonstra a limitação no uso desses antimicrobianos no tratamento da mastite caprina na região. Embora neste estudo as cefalosporinas tenham apresentado boa sensibilidade, o uso desses fármacos em medicina veterinária se torna preocupante devido à incidência de estirpes produtoras de betalactamase.

The present study was aimed to test the in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility using disc diffusion assay and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values, as well as the production of beta-lactamase of 42 strains of Staphylococcus sp. isolated from subclinical mastitis in goats in the semi-arid region of Paraiba state, in Brazil. To this end, 14 samples of negative Staphylococcus chromogenes, 10 S. waneri, 6 S. saprophyticus, 5 S. aureus, 3 S. epidermidis, 2 S. intermedius and 2 Staphylococcus were used. Regarding the in vitro susceptibility, the highest levels of resistance observed concerned penicillin (66.67%) and ampicillin (63.89%), and the greatest sensitivity observed concerned Cefoxitin (97.22%). Multiple resistance to 3 or more antimicrobial drugs was observed in 42.86% of the isolates. Of the total Staphylococcus isolated, 73.81% were positive for the beta-lactamase production test. The minimum inhibitory concentration showed 100% of the samples susceptible to norfloxacin, and the maximum resistance values to the other antimicrobial drugs were 30%. According to the results obtained, it is concluded that, in order to select the most appropriate drug to treat mastitis in goats caused by strains of Staphylococcus, the antimicrobial sensitivity profile of the strain must be known and routine laboratory tests for detecting beta-lactamase should be performed because these enzymes are disseminated both in human and veterinary medicine. The high resistance to penicillin and ampicillin demonstrates the limitation in the use of antibiotics in the treatment of mastitis in goats. Although in the present study the cephalosporines demonstrated a considerable degree of sensitivity, the use of these antimicrobial agents in veterinary medicine becomes a matter of concern due to the incidence of strains that produce betalactamase.

Comparative antimicrobial activity of two new mutacins / Actividad microbiana comparativa de dos nuevas mutacinas

OBJECTIVES: To compare the in vitro activity of mutacins D-123.1 and F-59.1 against different bacteria including antibiotic-resistant strains, in order to evaluate their application potential. DESIGN AND METHODS: The antibacterial activity spectrum of purified F-59.1 and the MIC and MBC of F-59.1 and D-123.1 against target bacteria were determined. RESULTS: Most bacteria were inhibited by the purified mutacins. Mutacin F-59.1 shows a relatively wide activity spectrum. Mutacin D-123.1 has low Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations [MICs] (0.25-4 µ/ml) against human pathogens while F-59.1 has higher MICs (3.2-12.8 fig/ml) mainly against food-borne pathogens. CONCLUSION: The effectiveness of mutacins D-123.1 and F-59.1 against human and food-borne pathogens is demonstrated. Mutacin D-123.1 shows potential as a new antibiotic while F-59.1 shows promising application in food products. ABBREVIATIONS: MALDI-TOF MS, matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation-time of flight mass spectrometry; MB(I)C, minimum bactericidal (inhibitory) concentrations; OD, optical density; RP-HPLC, reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography; TSBYE, trypticase soy broth yeast extract.

OBJETIVOS: Comparar la actividad in vitro de las mutacinas D-123.1 y F-59.1 frente a diferentes bacterias incluyendo las cepas resistentes a los antibióticos, a fin de evaluar el potencial de su aplicación. DISEÑO Y MÉTODOS: Se determinó el espectro de actividad antibacteriana de F-59.1 purificada y la CIM y la CBM de F-59.1 y D-123.1 frente a determinadas bacterias. RESULTADOS: La mayor parte de las bacterias eran inhibidas por las mutacinas purificadas. La mutacina F-59.1 muestra un espectro de actividad relativamente amplio. La mutacina D-123.1 posee bajas concentraciones de inhibición mínimas [CIM] (0.25-4 fig/ml) contra los patógenos humanos, mientras que el F-59.1 posee concentraciones CIM más altas (3.2-12.8 fig/ml) principalmente frente a los patógenos alimentarios. CONCLUSIÓN: Queda demostrada la efectividad de las mutacinas D-123.1 y F-59.1 frente a los patógenos humanos y alimentarios. La mutacina D-123.1 muestra poseer un potencial como nuevo antibiótico, en tanto que F-59.1 se presenta como una aplicación promisoria en relación con los productos alimentarios. ABREVIATURAS: MALDI-TOF MS, espectrometría de masas con desorción/ionización mediante láser asistida por matriz asociada a un analizador de tiempo de vuelo (del inglés: matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation-time de flight mass spectrometry). CIM: concentración inhibitoria mínima (inglés MIC). CBM: concentración bactericida mínima (inglés MBC). DO: densidad óptica (inglés OD); RP-HPLC: cromatografía líquida de alta resolución en fase revertida; TSBYE:caldo tripticasa soya- extracto de levadura.

Avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana do extrato etanólico bruto da casca da sucupira branca (Pterodon emarginatus Vogel) - Fabaceae / Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of crude ethanol extract from the bark of "sucupira branca" (Pterodon emarginatus Vogel) - Fabaceae

Pterodon emarginatus Vogel (Fabaceae) é uma árvore do Cerrado conhecida popularmente como "sucupira branca, faveiro, fava de sucupira e sucupira lisa" e utilizada na medicina popular em preparações anti-reumáticas, antiinflamatórias, analgésicas e antiinfecciosas. Esse trabalho teve por objetivo fazer a triagem fitoquímica do pó e avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana do extrato etanólico bruto das cascas da P. emarginatus contra bactérias Gram-positivas, Gram-negativas e o fungo Candida albicans. O extrato etanólico bruto foi obtido a partir das cascas dessecadas e pulverizadas. A concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) do extrato bruto foi determinada utilizando-se o inoculador de Steers. Os testes fitoquímicos detectaram a presença de flavonóides, heterosídeos saponínicos, resinas e traços de esteróides e triterpenóides. As CIM do extrato etanólico foram de 0,18 mg mL-1 para as bactérias Gram-positivas Rhodococcus equi ATCC 25923, Micrococcus luteus ATCC 9341, Micrococcus roseus IPTSP/UFG e para as bactérias Gram-negativas Serratia marcescens ATCC 14756 e Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027; de 0,37 mg mL-1 para a Enterobacter cloacae FT 505 LEMC/EPM/UFG e de 0,74 mg mL-1 para as demais bactérias testadas e para o fungo C. albicans. O presente estudo abre perspectivas para o uso da cascas da P. emarginatus como antimicrobiano.

Pterodon emarginatus Vogel (Fabaceae) is a Cerrado tree popularly known as "sucupira branca", "faveiro", "fava de sucupira" and "sucupira lisa" and has been used in folk medicine as antirheumatic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-infective. The aim of this work was to perform the phytochemical screening of the powder and to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of crude ethanol extract from P. emarginatus barks against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria and the fungus Candida albicans. The crude ethanol extract was obtained from desiccated and pulverized barks. Its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by using Steers inoculator. The phytochemical tests detected the presence of flavonoids, saponin heterosides, resins and traces of steroids and triterpenoids. Ethanol extract MICs were 0.18 mg mL-1 for the Gram-positive bacteria Rhodococcus equi ATCC 25923, Micrococcus luteus ATCC 9341 and Micrococcus roseus IPTSP/UFG, and for the Gram-negative bacteria Serratia marcescens ATCC 14756 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027; 0.37 mg mL-1 for Enterobacter cloacae FT 505 LEMC/EPM/UFG; and 0.74 mg mL-1 for the remaining tested bacteria and for the fungus C. albicans. This study opens perspectives for the use of P. emarginatus barks as an antimicrobial drug.

Determination of the antibacterial activity of crude extracts and compounds isolated from Hortia oreadica (Rutaceae) against oral pathogens / Determinação da atividade antibacteriana de extratos brutos e substâncias isoladas de Hortia oreadica (Rutaceae) frente à patógenos bucais

Extracts from Hortia oreadica afforded four dihydrocinnamic acid derivatives, isolated from the n-hexane extract, as well as limonoid guyanin and the furoquinoline alkaloid dictamnine, both isolated from the dichloromethane extract. The extracts and the isolated compounds were tested against some oral pathogens, so as to investigate their antibacterial activity. The results showed that the n-hexane extract and the compound dictamnine are the most active against the selected microorganisms.

Extratos brutos de Hortia oreadica, forneceram quatro derivados do ácido diidrocinâmico, que foram isolados do extrato n-hexânico, bem como as substâncias guianina e dictamina, isoladas do extrato em diclorometano. Os extratos brutos e as substâncias isoladas foram avaliados frente a alguns patógenos bucais com o objetivo de investigar a atividade antibacteriana. Os resultados demonstraram que o extrato bruto n-hexânico e a substância dictamina foram os mais ativos frente ao conjunto de microrganismos avaliados.

De H. Cleckley ao DSM-IV-TR: a evolução do conceito de psicopatia rumo à medicalização da delinquência / De H. Cleckley al DSM-IV-TR: la evolución del concepto de psicopatía rumbo a la medicalización de la delincuencia / De H. Cleckley au DSM-IV-TR: l'évolution du concept de la psychopathie vers la medicinalisation de la délinquance / From H. Cleckley to DSM-IV-TR: the evolution of the concept of psychopathy toward the medicalization of delinquency

A psicopatia é descrita como personalidade antissocial pelos manuais nosográficos contemporâneos: CID-10 e DSM-IV-TR. Contrastando tais nosografias entre si quanto aos critérios diagnósticos propostos para a psicopatia, assinalam-se as consequências de sua operacionalização, promovida, sobretudo, pelo DSM. Dentre elas, destacam-se: (1) a degradação do diagnóstico ao mero levantamento protocolar; (2) a acentuação da correlação histórica entre psicopatia e delinquência.

La psicopatía es descrita como la personalidad antisocial por los manuales nosográficos contemporáneos: CIE-10 y DSM-IV-TR. Contrastando tales nosografías entre sí, con relación a los criterios de diagnósticos propuestos para la psicopatía, se observan las consecuencias de su operacionalización, particularmente las derivadas del DSM. Entre ellas, se destaca: (1) la degradación del diagnóstico a una mera lista protocolar; (2) la acentuación de la relación histórica entre la psicopatía y la delincuencia.

La psychopathie est décrite comme personnalité antisociale par les manuels nosographiques contemporains, comme le CIM-10 et le DSM-IV-TR. La comparaison de ces nosographies entre elles par rapport à leurs critères de diagnostique de la psychopathie permet d'obtenir les conséquences opérationnelles, surtout en ce qui concerne le DSM, parmi lesquelles on retiendra spécialement: (1) la dégradation du diagnostique au simple classement protocolaire; (2) l´accentuation du rapport historique entre la psychopathie et la délinquance.

Psychopathy is described in two contemporary nosographic handbooks (ICD-10 and DSM-IV-TR0) as the condition of having an anti-social personality. This article contrasts these nosographies in terms of the diagnostic criteria used for psychopathy. The consequences of this use, especially that presented by the DSM, are discussed, such as (1) the degradation of diagnoses to the mere filling out of forms; (2) emphasis on the historical correlation between psychopathy and delinquency.

Avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana das partes aéreas (folhas e caules) e raízes de Richardia brasiliensis Gomez (Rubiaceae) / Assessment of antimicrobial activity of aerial parts (leaves and stems) and roots of Richardia brasiliensis Gomez (Rubiaceae)

Richardia brasiliensis é uma planta utilizada popularmente como expectorante, emética, diaforética, vermífuga e para o tratamento de hemorróidas. O presente estudo objetivou realizar a prospecção fitoquímica e avaliar a ação antimicrobiana do extrato bruto das partes aéreas e raízes de R. brasiliensis. O extrato etanólico bruto foi obtido a partir do material botânico dessecado e pulverizado. O pó das partes aéreas e raízes foram submetidos à triagem fitoquímica. A atividade antimicrobiana foi realizada contra bactérias Gram-positivas esporuladas e não esporuladas, Gram negativas e a levedura Candida albicans através da determinação da concentração inibitória mínima por diluição em ágar empregando-se o inoculador de Steers. A triagem fitoquímica evidenciou a presença de esteróides, triterpenóides, cumarinas, resinas, alcaloides e flavonóides. A CIM do extrato das partes aéreas variou de 0,37 a 0,74 mg/mL e das raízes de 0,74 a 11,9 mg/mL. Concluiu-se que tanto o extrato etanólico bruto das partes aéreas quanto das raízes apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana.

Richardia brasiliensis is a neotropical perennial her bused in Brazilian popular medicine as an expectorant, emetic, diaphoretic, vermifuge and to treat hemorrhoids. This paper reports the phytochemical screening and the antimicrobial activity of crude ethanol extracts of the aerial parts and roots of this plant. The crude ethanol extracts were prepared from dried, pulverized botanical material. The aerial parts and roots powder was screened for classes of phytochemicals. The antimicrobial activity was tested against spore-forming and non-sporing Gram-positive bacteria, Gramnegative bacteria and Candida albicans by the agardilution method, inoculating the series of plates at multiple points with a Steers replicator to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each organism. The phytochemical screening showed the presence of steroids, triterpenes, coumarins, resins, alkaloids and flavonoids. The MIC of the extract of aerial parts varied from 0.37 to 0.74 mg/mL and that of the roots from 0.74 to 11.9 mg/mL. It was concluded that the crude ethanolic extracts of both the aerial parts and the roots showed antimicrobial activity.